HackingTheUniverse

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It has been said that “without hardware, software is nothing, but without software, hardware is something.” And you can even make an argument that some level of logic can be built into hardware simply because it must have some kind of ordered structure on many levels: time and space, atomic, molecular, chemical, even simple shape. […]

Socrates was born in Greece around -0469 and was a famous philosopher who greatly influenced Greek thinkers after him, such as Plato and Aristotle. His method of logical reasoning by asking probing questions about an issue until the answer was revealed became known as the “Socratic method” and is considered to be a forerunner of […]

Al-Farabi was a Persian born in Turkestan around 872. He wrote many books on logic and became known as the “Second Teacher” (with Aristotle being the first teacher) in part because he developed a non-aristotelian form of logic. He studied the works of Aristotle and wrote commentaries on them. He also studied and wrote on […]

In 1931, Kurt Godel published two theorems of mathematical logic that have become known as the incompleteness theorems. Prior to these theorems, many mathematicians were trying to prove that all of mathematics could someday be encoded in a complete set of axioms. First incompleteness theorem: Any effectively generated theory capable of expressing elementary arithmetic cannot […]